In Human Clinical Trials
2019 The Effect of 1,3-Butanediol on Cycling Time-Trial Performance
- Didn't help. But this was noted: "low levels of dizziness, nausea, and euphoria were reported". Note this was racemic and synthetic 1,3 butanediol, not R 1,3 butanediol.
2018 The effect of 1,3-butanediol and carbohydrate supplementation on running performance Results: There was no difference in TT completion time between the trials.
1975 Nutritional and metabolic studies in humans with 1,3-butanediol
- "that BD feeding decreased blood glucose significantly"
General 1,3 Butanediol papers
2022 Low-dose 1,3-butanediol reverses age-associated vascular dysfunction independent of ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate
1975 Nutritional application and implication of 1,3-butanediol
- "Research in the United States on synthetic sources of dietary calories was initiated in 1958 to develop high nutrient density food for extended manned space travel. Of many known compounds screened, 1,3-butanediol was the most promising." "but larger amounts can result in incoordination due to a narcotic effect common to glycols."
1976 Suppression by 1,3-butanediol of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats
- "effective against the tremulous and conbulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in all animals for 1 to 5 hours. This period coincided with the time of maximum severity of the withdrawal syndrome, as seen in the control animals."
1981 Effects of acute and chronic 1,3-butanediol treatment on central nervous system function: a comparison with ethanol
2021 Physiologic, Metabolic, and Toxicologic Profile of 1,3-Butanediol
- "All concentrations of 1,3-BD decreased food consumption."
2021 Periconceptional 1,3-butanediol supplementation suppresses the superimposed preeclampsia-like phenotype in the Dahl Salt-sensitive rat
- These findings support the role of physiological ketosis via 1,3-Butanediol as a therapeutic approach for managing chronic hypertension, thereby preventing and mitigating adverse pregnancy outcomes.
2021 Leptin sensitizing effect of 1,3-butanediol and its potential mechanism
- "This is the first report to confirm the leptin sensitizing effect of BD treatment in leptin resistant DIO mice."
2020 1,3-Butanediol attenuates hypertension and suppresses kidney injury in female rats
- "The present data demonstrate that 1,3-butanediol lowers blood pressure and renal injury in female rats and could be a novel nutritional intervention for the treatment of CKD"
2020 Neuroprotective Effect of Ketone Metabolism on Inhibiting Inflammatory Response by Regulating Macrophage Polarization After Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
2019 Dietary Inclusion of 1,3-Butanediol Increases Dam Circulating Ketones and Increases Progeny Birth Weight
- "Feeding BD in late gestation can improve birth weight."
2019 Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models
- "Experimental groups included... exogenous ketones: 1, 3-butanediol (BD)"
2019 Acute hyperketonaemia alters T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells following prolonged exercise
- "We investigated the effect of the racemic β-hydroxybutyrate precursor, R,S-1,3-butanediol (BD), on T-cell-related cytokine gene expression"
Acute hyperketonaemia appears to transiently amplify the initiation of the pro-inflammatory T-cell-related IFN-γ response to an immune challenge in vitro during and following prolonged, strenuous exercise; suggesting enhanced type-1 T-cell immunity at the gene level.
LD50
LD50 is a standard way to measure the toxicity of a molecule. It stands for Lethal Dose where 50% of the animals die.
LD50 Ethanol is >7.692 g/kg body weight for a Rat. For a 70 kilo human this would equate to 538 grams of alcohol (about 40 beers). (cite)
LD50 of 1,3 Butanediol is LD50 Rat 18.61 g/kg body weight for a Rat. For a 70 kilo human this would equate to 1,302 grams of 1,3 Butanediol. (cite)
Therefore it takes 2.5x more 1,3 Butanediol to kill a rat versus alcohol.
1,3 Butanediol is also referred to as 1,3-Butylene glycol.